Remarks about the European Ports’ Regulations of Natural Gas Bunkering
Keywords:
natural gas, methane, LNG bunkering, port regulations, ship’s fuel, safety of bunkeringAbstract
In the article there were presented examples of procedures of natural gas bunkering to ships in chosen ports according to approved regulations. The attention was paid to methane properties in liquid state and the threats during fuel transfer from bunkering boat to ship and cistern to ship. The research achievements for keeping the safety rules during LNG transport were indicated. The main task of approved regulations is minimizing the risk of dangerous accidents during fuel bunkering. There occurs a big similarity of fuel bunkering regulations in presented ports with their specificities. The author has submitted own remarks according to analyzed bunkering procedures.References
Development and Operation of Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering Facilities, 2015, DNVGL-RP-G105, Recommended Practice.
[2] Gahnstrom, J., 2012, Small/medium Scale LNG Port, Terminal and Bunkering. Technical and Operational Aspects, SSPA, Sweden AB.
[3] Herdzik, J., 2011, LNG as a Marine Fuel – Possibilities and Problems, Journal of KONES, vol. 18, no. 2, s. 168–176.
[4] Herdzik, J., 2012, Aspects of Using LNG as a Marine Fuel, Journal of KONES, vol. 19, no. 2. s. 201–210.
[5] Herdzik, J., 2013, Consequences of Using LNG as a Marine Fuel, Journal of KONES, vol. 20, no. 2. s. 159–166.
[6] IGF Code. IMO International Code of Safety for Gas-Fuelled Ships and Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels.
[7] ISO Standard 28460-2010, Installation and Equipment for Liquefied Natural Gas – Ship-to-shore Interface and Port Operations.
[8] ISO/TS 18683-2015, Guidelines for Systems and Installations for Supply of LNG as Fuel to Ships.
[9] Jansen, A., 2015, Rotterdam: LNG Bunkerport, Port of Rotterdam Authority.
[10] Lloyd’s Register LNG Bunkering Infrastructure Survey, 2014, The Outlook of Ports on Provision of
[11] LNG Bunkering Facilities. LNG Bunkering in the Port of Antwerp, 2015, Port of Antwerp.
[12] LNG Fuel Bunkering Procedures in Ports and Terminals in the South Baltic Region, 2014, MarTech LNG.
[13] LNG in Baltic Sea Ports. LNG Handbook, www.lnginbalticports.com.
[14] LNG Operating Regulations Including LNG Bunkering, 2016, Gothenburg Port Regulations.
[15] LNG Review of Regulations, 2014, Danish Maritime Authority.
[16] Rats, M., 2013, Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel, Morgan Stanley Research.
[17] Study on Standards and Rules for Bunkering of Gas-Fuelled Ships, 2013, Final report no. 2012.005 of EMSA.
[18] Thomson, H., 2015, Natural Gas as a Marine Fuel, Energy Policy, Elsevier, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.enpol.2015.08.027.
[19] Wang, S., Notteboom, T., 2015, The Role of Port Authorities in the Development of LNG Bunkering Facilities in North European Ports, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, vol. 14, no. 1, s. 61–92.
Remove [1] Development and Operation of Liquefied Natural Gas Bunkering Facilities, 2015, DNVGL-RP-G105, Recommended Practice.
[2] Gahnstrom, J., 2012, Small/medium Scale LNG Port, Terminal and Bunkering. Technical and Operational Aspects, SSPA, Sweden AB.
[3] Herdzik, J., 2011, LNG as a Marine Fuel – Possibilities and Problems, Journal of KONES, vol. 18, no. 2, s. 168–176.
[4] Herdzik, J., 2012, Aspects of Using LNG as a Marine Fuel, Journal of KONES, vol. 19, no. 2. s. 201–210.
[5] Herdzik, J., 2013, Consequences of Using LNG as a Marine Fuel, Journal of KONES, vol. 20, no. 2. s. 159–166.
[6] IGF Code. IMO International Code of Safety for Gas-Fuelled Ships and Other Low-Flashpoint Fuels.
[7] ISO Standard 28460-2010, Installation and Equipment for Liquefied Natural Gas – Ship-to-shore Interface and Port Operations.
[8] ISO/TS 18683-2015, Guidelines for Systems and Installations for Supply of LNG as Fuel to Ships.
[9] Jansen, A., 2015, Rotterdam: LNG Bunkerport, Port of Rotterdam Authority.
[10] Lloyd’s Register LNG Bunkering Infrastructure Survey, 2014, The Outlook of Ports on Provision of
[11] LNG Bunkering Facilities. LNG Bunkering in the Port of Antwerp, 2015, Port of Antwerp.
[12] LNG Fuel Bunkering Procedures in Ports and Terminals in the South Baltic Region, 2014, MarTech LNG.
[13] LNG in Baltic Sea Ports. LNG Handbook, www.lnginbalticports.com.
[14] LNG Operating Regulations Including LNG Bunkering, 2016, Gothenburg Port Regulations.
[15] LNG Review of Regulations, 2014, Danish Maritime Authority.
[16] Rats, M., 2013, Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel, Morgan Stanley Research.
[17] Study on Standards and Rules for Bunkering of Gas-Fuelled Ships, 2013, Final report no. 2012.005 of EMSA.
[18] Thomson, H., 2015, Natural Gas as a Marine Fuel, Energy Policy, Elsevier, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.enpol.2015.08.027.
[19] Wang, S., Notteboom, T., 2015, The Role of Port Authorities in the Development of LNG Bunkering Facilities in North European Ports, WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, vol. 14, no. 1, s. 61–92.
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